格倫·利根

Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York
Acquired by the present owner from the above in 2010

This work is in excellent condition. Various fibers embedded into the surface are inherent to the artist's process. Under ultraviolet light there are no apparent restorations. The canvas is not framed.
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Across a coarse landscape of encrusted black oil stick, enlivened with the delicate glimmer of coal dust, the traces of familiar characters construct a dense symbolic landscape, logically regimented yet interminably indecipherable. As a striking exemplar of Glenn Ligon’s iconic body of text paintings, Stranger #38 stands as a profound monument to the African American struggle for visibility, recognition, and ultimately freedom. Based on James Baldwin’s 1953 essay “Stranger in the Village,” this seminal series of paintings stands as a visual metaphor for the fragmented experience of both the African American individual and the achievements of black artists; interminably exoticized and presented as foreign within their home territories. Through the richly worked painterly terrain of Stranger #38, Ligon extends upon the formal legacy of the Western avant-garde and employs a radical abstraction that explores critical questions of identity and visibility.

Penned at the dawn of the Civil Rights movement in the United States, James Baldwin’s profoundly personal yet expansively political text recounts his experience as a lone black individual visiting a remote Swiss hamlet at the foot of the Alps.   He begins: “From all available evidence no black man had ever set foot in this tiny Swiss village before I came. I was told before arriving that I would probably be a 'sight' for the village; I took this to mean that people of my complexion were rarely seen in Switzerland, and also that city people are always something of a 'sight' outside of the city. It did not occur to me - possibly because I am an American - that there could be people anywhere who had never seen a Negro.” (James Baldwin, "Stranger in the Village," 1953, in James Baldwin, The Price of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction, 1948-1985, New York, 1984, p. 79) Having been met with stark reactions ranging from curiosity and awe, to suspicion and sheer terror, Baldwin’s text ruminated on the commonalities and contrasts between the prejudices expressed in the parochial Swiss microcosm he visited and modern America, where generations of black communities had lived for centuries under violent racial segregation.

Through claustrophobic channels of formulaic stenciled letters, Ligon adorns the canvas with select passages from Baldwin’s text. In a labor intensive process of continued overwriting, the malleable oil stick collapses to lose its delineating clarity, which is further compromised by the comprehensive application of coal dust that pushes the words just beyond the boundaries of comprehension. When describing this unique technical innovation Ligon has referenced Warhol as inspiration: “I wanted the material that I was using for the paintings to have the same kind of gravitas as the text. I was also looking at Warhol’s diamond dust paintings and became intrigued by the idea of the addition: material that is laid on top of the paint and changes it… [Coal-dust] obscures the text while making it more present and sculptural. There is always that push/pull in the work, of the desire for legibility and disappearance of the text.” (the artist cited in Exh. Cat., Toronto, The Power Plant (and travelling), Glenn Ligon—Some Changes, 2005, pp. 128-129) By denying these words their full semantic capacities, and by extension the voice of protest that they would otherwise communicate, Ligon formally encapsulates the dichotomy of visibility and invisibility that characterizes the metaphor of the “stranger in the village.” Like Baldwin who found himself fetishized and dehumanized by an insular public who were unable to look beyond his skin color, we are stuck interminably trying to capture the illusive and unobtainable essence of these mesmeric ebony hieroglyphs through their superficial form rather than their content.

With a rich literary oeuvre that explored the complex social and psychological trauma of not only African Americans, but also of gay and bisexual men in their struggle for cultural acceptance, James Baldwin was a profound source of inspiration for Ligon. As his ultimate homage to the writer, the Stranger series forms a profound bridge between two generations. As noted by Scott Rothkopf, “this series constitutes Ligon’s most sustained exploration of a single text and formal vocabulary” and evidences a deep identification with the fellow New Yorker who “as Ligon put it, had an ‘ability to go places where other black were not and surviving.”” (Scott Rothkopf in Exh. Cat., New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (and travelling), Glenn Ligon: AMERICA, 2011, p. 42) Yet growing up after the Civil Rights Movement, Ligon’s experience as an African American man was undoubtedly different. Whilst Baldwin sought to highlight and destabilize the degrading myths attached to black identity in his time, Ligon and the group of artists that first galvanized around the Studio Museum in Harlem in the early 1990s sought to use stereotypes and notions of black identity to undermine the idea of race altogether, inaugurating the ‘Post-black Art’ discourse.

Whilst the Swiss villagers only held notions of black identity in their abstract imagination until Baldwin’s arrival, he concluded that black identity in America had itself been projected into the realm of fictitious myth as means of maintaining racial segregation. Divinely conjuring this astute observation almost half a century on, Stranger #38 is the ultimate embodiment of Baldwin’s maxim that “Americans attempt until today to make an abstraction of the Negro.” (James Baldwin, Op. Cit., p. 87) Firmly placing African American voices into the canon of American painting, Ligon evokes the monochromatic reductivism of modernism, while retaining a particularly painterly modulation of text which supplants the graphic clarity of forerunners such as Ed Ruscha and Christopher Wool. As noted by Huey Copeland, “Like it’s dark antecedents — say, Malevich’s Black Square of 1915, or Ad Reinhardt’s black paintings of the early ‘60s — Ligon’s [Stranger series] summons up death, matter, and the obliterate beyond; it seduces with a certain sleight of hand; it narrativizes perception. Yet, in so doing, the work revises these earlier practices with the overlaying scrim of a blackness that is not merely rhetorical, but lived and felt.” (Huey Copeland in Exh. Cat., Toronto, Op. Cit., pp. 128-129)