AN IMPRESSIVE AND EXTREMELY RARE SET OF FOUR ZITAN ARMCHAIRS, MEIGUIYI QING DYNASTY, EARLY 18TH CENTURY

each with curved horizontal crest of circular section above a two-panel splat carved in low-relief with chilong and kui dragons in lobed cartouches, flanked by vertical spindles, the similarly curved arms also with spindles, all above a quadrilobed seat with inset hard cane, on six legs of circular section, in a hexagonal arrangement, the front and side open aprons with ring spacer-brackets, above a conforming box stretcher, the wood of a deep blackish brown

Collection of Dr. Henry Spencer Houghton, director of the Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (by 1928).
Collection of a Minnesota Collector.

All chairs in generally good condition and with later hard-panel seats. Each chair has reinforced tips of crestrails at join to stiles secured with dowels and spliced triangular elements. Because of the dark finishes covering most of the surfaces, it is not possible to identify the wood type of all elements nor exactly which replaced elements are or are not zitan. Several chairs have replaced spindles flanking the splats and a few replaced spindles under the arms. One splat is with a replaced horizontal framing member beneath the upper panel. Several chairs have splits to the stretchers and repairs to the joins at stretchers to the legs. One leg has a quarter round spliced tip approximately two inches in height, panel above with vertical crack. One chair also has replaced stile, and another chair has minor repairs to front of seat. Most ring brackets are replacements.
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."

The present set of chairs is extremely rare on a number of counts. While low armchairs with hexagonal seats and stretchers are rare, with few examples published or offered at auction, they are nearly all of the form illustrated in Grace Wu Bruce, Living with Ming - The Lu Ming Shi Collection, 2000, no. 2, pp 52-53. Of that model, none appear to be of zitan. A huanghuali hexagonal chair of related form, attributed to the Ming dynasty, with a splat divided into three registers, like the present examples, is illustrated in Tian Jiaqing, 'Appraisal of Ming Furniture', Chinese Furniture, Selected Articles from Orientations 1984-1994, Hong Kong, 1996, fig. 4, p. 139.

In contrast, the form of the present chairs, with a quatrelobe seat over a hexagonal base with open apron stretchers, does not appear to have been published or offered at auction. It is also rare to encounter sets of zitan armchairs, as the dense, luxurious wood would have been reserved for only the highest levels of society, and it is said that by the Qianlong period, there was an informal understanding that all zitan was to be reserved for the Imperial court. Over the succeeding centuries, such existing sets would be naturally diminished by attrition and the vicissitudes of time.

The simplicity and elegance of the present chairs would have appealed to those who aspire to the scholarly ideal. To have commissioned such chairs -- with spindles and turned, curved members inspired by bamboo furniture -- one would have both appreciated their sober simplicity (suggestive of the plain black-lacquered furnishings of the scholar's studio) and also indulged in the luxuriousness of furniture constructed of such a rare and costly timber. In addition to their inherent rarity, the desirability of the present chairs is further amplified by their provenance, dating back to the early decades of the 20th century.

The set of chairs was acquired in China by Dr. Henry Spencer Houghton, who was sponsored in his first trip to China in 1906 by the Methodist Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions. He was later appointed to positions in Wuhu, Shanghai and Beijing. Following the First World War he worked under the Rockefeller Foundation to establish the Peking Union Medical College, where he served as director from 1921 - 1928. During this time he acquired many works of art, including this set of chairs, purportedly given to him in appreciation of his service, by a senior Chinese government official or a member of the Imperial household.