Antoine-Jean Gros, called Baron Gros

The collection of the artist;
His studio sale, Paris, 23 November, 1835, lot 18;
Anonymous sale, Monaco, Christie's, 2 December 1989, lot 65;
There acquired. 

J. B. Delestre, Gros, sa vie et ses ouvrages, Paris 1867, p. 251;
J. Tripier Lefrance, Histoire de la vie et de la mort du Baron Gros, Paris 1880, p. 674.

This painting is a study for the figure of Charlemagne that Gros executed as part of the fresco decorations for the cupola of the Pantheon in Paris.  The project was commissioned to Gros in 1812 by Napoleon, who had re-established the Pantheon as a church after it had been secularized during the revolutionary period.  The vast program was to depict the apotheosis of the patron saint of Paris, Saint Geneviève, who receives the homage of Clovis, Charlemagne, Louis IX, and Napoleon, each representing one of the four principal dynasties of France.  The association of Napoleon with these royal forbears, particularly Charlemagne, was intended to proclaim the legitimacy of his reign, but the work did not come to fruition as planned.  In 1814, when the Bourbons were restored to the throne, Gros was ordered to replace the image of Napoleon with that of Louis XVIII.  During the Hundred Days, Napoleon countermanded the order, and Gros restored his image on the cupola; but when the French leader was defeated at Waterloo, Louis XVIII was again re-inserted.  The cupola was finally unveiled in November of 1824.  Gros' work was received as a major triumph and the culmination of his career, for which he was awarded the title of baron. 

Two studies for the head of Charlemagne figured in the artist's studio sale held on 23 November 1835: lot 18, a "tête colossale de Charlemagne" and lot 19, listed as "même tet. Petite étude."  The former is certainly identifiable with the present painting, in which the head is larger than life.