- 12
Cloche, Kongo-Vili, République Démocratique du Congo
Description
- Kongo-Vili
- Cloche
- Wood
- haut. 18,5 cm
- 7 ¼ inches
Provenance
Sotheby’s, Londres, 30 novembre 1981, n° 261
Leslie Waddington, Londres
Peter et Monika Wengraf, Londres (The Arcade Gallery)
Collection Daniel et Marian Malcolm, Tenafly, New Jersey, acquis en février 1986
Exhibited
New York, The Center for African Art, The Art of Collecting African Art , 13 mai - 9 octobre 1988
New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Art and Oracle: African Art and Rituals of Divination, 25 avril - 30 juillet 2000
Literature
Cole, The Mother and Child in African Sculpture, 1985, p. 2, cat. 38 (non reproduit)
Ezra, “The Mother and Child in African Sculpture”, in African Arts, août 1987, vol.XX, n° 4, p. 81
Vogel, The Art of Collecting African Art, 1988, p. 24
Felix, Meur et Batulukisi, Art & Kongos. Vol. I, 1995, p. 54 (dessin)
LaGamma, Art and Oracle: African Art and Rituals of Divination, 2000, p. 77 (non reproduit)
Schweizer, Visions of Grace: 100 Masterpieces from the Collection of Daniel and Marian Malcolm, 2014, p. 174, cat n° 68
Condition
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."
Catalogue Note
« Miniature » chef-d’œuvre de la statuaire Kongo, la cloche Yombe de la collection Malcolm s’inscrit à la fois comme objet de prestige et instrument thérapeutique. Icône artistique par la grâce de la sculpture, elle témoigne dans son imagerie du lien fondamental entre la création et la pensée Kongo.
Chez les Yombe, les instruments de musique - et notamment les cloches dibu - jouaient un rôle essentiel lors des rituels initiatiques et dans le cadre de certaines thérapies. Selon Marc Leo Felix, celles ornées d'une maternité étaient utilisées par la société secrète Lemba au cours de cérémonies assurant la fertilité du couple (idem). La cloche est ainsi considérée comme une puissante médecine bilongo : son chant permet d’appeler les esprits bienveillants qui protégeront les naissances, et de chasser les ancêtres vengeurs responsables du malheur du couple.
La figure de maternité qui domine la cloche s’accorde ainsi parfaitement avec sa fonction. Selon Alisa LaGamma, « ces œuvres [les maternités] sont saisissantes par l’association d’éléments iconographiques qui témoignent de l’importance de la maternité et de la naissance par rapport à la mort » (LaGamma, Kongo : Power and Majesty, 2015, p. 161). La mère, assise en tailleur, maintient étroitement l’enfant posé sur ses genoux. Le naturalisme de la pose est accentué par le geste du quotidien, saisi par l’artiste, de l’enfant mettant son poing dans la bouche (comparable dans la posture à la statue conservée au Seattle Art Museum). A la tendresse de l’attitude s’oppose le visage distant de la mère, dont les yeux sertis de métal blanc semblent sonder l’invisible.
Si la maternité constitue un thème classique des arts Kongo, très rares sont les instruments qui l’illustrent et, de manière plus générale, qui sont ornés d’une sculpture figurative. Une seconde cloche présente une figure de maternité (cf. Sotheby’s New York, 16 mai 2008, lot 124) et s’apparente également à celle de la collection Malcolm par l’emblème de fleur finement sculpté sur la paroi, mais sans atteindre le même degré d’aboutissement. Ici la beauté des figures et la prodigieuse délicatesse de la sculpture suggèrent l’importance du devin auquel elle a appartenu.
Kongo bell, Democratic Republic of the Congo
“The initiate or initiates will be dressed in new clothes. They will return to the village to the rhythm of the song and the sound of the small wooden gong. They will be welcomed with merriment by the villagers, who will sing and dance in their honour. […] This dance will go on until dawn.” Felix, Meur and Batulukisi, Art & Kongos, Vol. I, 1995, p. 54
A “miniature” masterpiece of Kongo sculpture, the Yombe bell from the Malcolm collection is both a prestige object and a therapeutic instrument. Its graceful and iconic imagery testifies to the essential position of creation in Kongo thought.
For the Yombe, musical instruments, particularly these bells, called dibu, played a vital role during initiation rites and were also used in certain therapies. According to Marc Leo Felix, the one with a maternity figure were used by the lemba secret society during ceremonies to ensure the fertility of couples (Felix, Meur and Batulukisi, ibid.). This bell is considered to be a sort of powerful medicine, or bilongo. Its ring calls the friendly spirits who protect birth, and chases away the avenging ancestors responsible for a couple’s misfortune.
The maternity figure which dominates this bell perfectly fits the object’s purpose. According to Alisa LaGamma “These works [maternity sculptures] are striking for their conflation of iconographic elements relating leadership with motherhood, and new life with death” (LaGamma, Kongo: Power and Majesty, 2015, p. 161). The mother, sitting cross-legged, cradles the child on her knees. The naturalism of the pose is heightened by a small detail of everyday life which the artist has struck upon; the child is putting his fist in his mouth (a feature also found in the sculpture in the Seattle Art Museum). The tenderness of the attitude is contrasted by the distant expression of the mother, whose white metal eyes seem to probe the invisible.
A Kongo instrument decorated with a figurative sculpture is exceptionally rare in the corpus, and to find one with a maternity figure is even rarer, despite the classicism of the theme within the canon of Kongo art. Another bell with a maternity figure (see Sotheby’s New York, 16 May 2008, lot 124) has a finely carved flower emblem which is similar to that on the present bell. The bell from the Malcolm collection is distinguished by the beauty of the mother and child and by the marvelously delicate quality of the carving, suggesting that the diviner to whom it once belonged was a man of importance.