- 31
Pupitre d'orateur, Iatmul, Est du Sepik, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée
Description
- Iatmul
- Pupitre d'orateur
- wood, human hair, conus literatus
- h. 123 cm
- 48 1/2 in
Provenance
Collection Arthur Speyer, Berlin
Collection Charles et Madeleine Ratton, Paris, 1962
Bernard de Grunne, Bruxelles, 2006
Collection privée, New York
Literature
Condition
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."
Catalogue Note
Appuyé au poteau central de la maison des hommes, ce pupitre d’orateur matérialise avec grandeur la présence de l’ancêtre clanique représenté. De par leur rôle socioculturel majeur, ces œuvres étaient considérées par les Iatmul comme de prestigieux trésors.
Propriété collective du clan, le pupitre servait de support aux grandes joutes oratoires : investissant la sculpture, l’ancêtre alors présent rendait puissants à la fois les hommes et la maison. En 1936, Gregory Bateson assista à l’un de ces débats d’éloquence visant à affirmer une possession terrienne ou une filiation ancestrale : certains orateurs étaient capables de « garder en mémoire entre dix et vingt mille noms polysyllabiques et [leur] érudition en matière de système totémique est un sujet de fierté pour tout le village » (Naven. A Survey of the problems suggested by a Composite Picture of the Culture of a New Guinea Tribe drawn from Three Points of View, 1936, p. 137). Afin de scander son discours ou pour en souligner un point essentiel, l’orateur jetait des feuilles sur le plateau du pupitre. De ce geste provient leur nom vernaculaire : kawa teget, siège de feuilles. Ces œuvres, puissantes représentations de l’esprit essentiel à l'équilibre de la communauté, étaient également sorties de la maison des hommes lors des cérémonies majeures – comme le lancement d’une pirogue de guerre – afin de prendre l’ancêtre à témoin.
Tandis que les motifs en volutes qui se développent sur le front renvoient aux mouvements des eaux du fleuve Sepik - témoignant de la présence ancestrale -, l’ensemble des scarifications rituelles qui ornent le dos et le torse honorent le grand-ancêtre crocodile et symbolisent l’étape ultime de l’initiation des jeunes impétrants. Par son visage à l’expression saisissante, transcendée par les yeux incrustés de coquillages, ce pupitre qui fut le joyau de la collection Madeleine Ratton traduit magistralement la puissance de l’ancêtre primordial.
"In ancient collections, kawa tegets are rare. Otto Reche reports that during his trip, he could not acquire a single one" (Peltier, Schindlbeck and Kaufmann, Sepik. Arts de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, 2015, p. 171). Entered in the Übersee-Museum (Bremen) collection before 1920, this orator's stool was probably acquired in situ during the expedition of G. C. Pelizaeus (before 1941). It is amongst the oldest reported works belonging to this narrow corpus. Just like the one in the Rietberg Museum (Zurich, inv. No. RME 110), this orator's stool also came from the exceptional Arthur Speyer collection after the war. Although each figure adopts a different position, the two lecterns are closely related in terms of quality and both equally represent the pinnacle of Iatmul art.
Leaning against the central pole of the men's house, this lectern splendidly embodies the presence of the clan ancestor portrayed. Because of their significant socio-cultural role, these orator’s stools were considered to be among the Iatmul’s most prized possessions.
Owned collectively by the clan, the stool was used as a base for great oratorical contests. The ancestor, who was present through the figure, made both the men and the house powerful. In 1936, Gregory Bateson attended one of the eloquent debates intended to assert land ownership or an ancestral filiation: some speakers were able to "carry in their heads between ten and twenty thousand polysyllabic names, men whose erudition in the totemic system is a matter of pride to the whole village " (in Naven. A Survey of the problems suggested by a Composite Picture of the Culture of a New Guinea Tribe drawn from Three Points of View, 1936, p. 137). To punctuate his speech or emphasize a key point the speaker would cast leaves on to the stool tray. Their common name derives from this gesture: kawa teget, seat of leaves. These powerful representations of a spirit that were essential to the balance of the community were also taken out of the men's house during major ceremonies - such as the launching of a war canoe - so the ancestor could bear witness to the event.
While the scrolled motifs that decorate the forehead evoke the motion of the waters of the Sepik River - indicating the ancestral presence - the ritual scarification that adorns the back and torso honours the great crocodile ancestor and symbolizes the final stage of initiation for young aspirants. By the striking expression of the figure’s face, transcended by the eyes inlaid with shell, this orator’s stool, jewell of the Madeleine Ratton Collection, brilliantly conveys the power of the primordial ancestor.