- 23
Sceptre, Luba, République Démocratique du Congo
Description
- Luba
- Sceptre
- Wood and Copper
- haut. 141 cm
- 55 1/2 in
Provenance
Alain de Monbrison, Paris
Collection Frum, acquis en 1977
Exhibited
New York, Center for African Art, Sets, Series and Ensembles in African Art, 25 juillet-20 octobre 1985
Literature
Bastin, Introduction aux Arts de l'Afrique Noire, 1984, p. 344, n° 365
Preston, Sets, Series and Ensembles in African Art, 1985, p. 74-75, n° 77
Robbins et Nooter, African art in American Collections, 1989, p. 452, n° 1163
Condition
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."
Catalogue Note
Les sceptres kibango, transmis de manière héréditaires, constituaient l'insigne majeur de l'autorité des dignitaires. Réservés aux membres de la noblesse, aux chefs territoriaux et aux devins, ils fonctionnent comme les réceptacles des histoires, des généalogies et des migrations d'une famille, d'un lignage ou d'une chefferie spécifique (Nooter Roberts et Roberts, Luba, 2007, p. 38-41). Si la femme constitue l'iconographie majeure des insignes d'autorité Luba, rares sont les sceptres la plaçant en telle majesté. Celui-ci se pose dès lors comme un véritable manifeste de l'autorité sacrée et dissimulée des femmes qui "jouent des rôles déterminants dans la constitution des alliances, la prise de décision, et les rituels d'investiture. Plus important encore, les mémoires et les esprits des défunts rois étaient autrefois incorporés par des femmes" (idem, p. 54). A l'intériorité de l'attitude et de l'expression, comme à la richesse de la parure corporelle et aux signes de la beauté idéalisée, répond ici l'éminente symbolique de la gestuelle : la bouche fermée sur la langue apparente et les mains posées sur le haut de la poitrine, en signes de dévotion, de respect, et de "détention de secrets royaux" (Neyt, Luba. Aux sources du Zaïre, 1993, p. 166).
Dominant la composition, le personnage en pied relève littéralement de la statuaire. La qualité de la sculpture révèle le talent remarquable d'un artiste exerçant dans la région de la Lukuga, aux confins des pays Luba et Hemba. La plénitude des volumes, les formes de la coiffure (quatre tresses horizontales recouvrant les tresses verticales) et du visage dénotent en effet la forte influence des ateliers Hemba méridionaux. Voir Neyt (idem, p. 129) pour l'unique sceptre très apparenté, aujourd'hui conservé au musée du quai Branly (inv. n° 70.2002.15.1), attribué par l'auteur à un "atelier de la Lukuga".
Enfin, la représentation de deux cornes d'antilope duiker (qui contenaient les médecines des guérisseurs Luba) au dos de la palette centrale serait une très probable allusion à ses capacités curatives, procédant, au même titre que les adjonctions de métal et que sa patine huileuse, des qualités surnaturelles et du pouvoir de guérison qui étaient conférés aux sceptres par des spécialistes rituels.
Si les Luba expriment clairement que "la royauté est une femme" (Roberts-Nooters et Nooters, idem, p. 54), ce sceptre, selon toute vraisemblance d'appartenance royale, en constitue l'une des plus magistrales interprétations.
Chosen to illustrate the cover of the book William Fagg devoted to the collection of Barbara and Murray Frum in 1981, this sceptre perfectly embodied the title he chose for it: "African Majesty". This major insignia of power in Luba country stands out - for its remarkable sculptural quality, its scope, its iconographic complexity and the compelling homage it pays to the role of women in the exercise of power - as one of the masterpieces within the corpus, and the most significant work to have remained in private hands.
Kibango sceptres, transferred by inheritance, were the major symbol of authority for dignitaries. A preserve of the members of the nobility, territorial leaders or diviners, they operated as receptacles for histories, genealogies and migrations for one family, one lineage or one specific chiefdom (Nooter Roberts and Roberts, Luba, 2007, p. 38-41). Although women are the major iconography for Luba authority insignia, few sceptres place them in such majesty. Therefore, this one stands out as a true testament to the sacred and hidden authority of women who "play critical roles in the formation of alliances, decision making, and inauguration rituals. More importantly still, the memories and spirits of deceased kings were once embodied in women” (ibid, p. 54). The inner attitude and expression, as well as the richness of the body ornaments and the signs of idealized beauty, are echoed here in the eminently symbolic posture and movement: lips closed on the exposed tongue, with hands resting on the upper part of the chest, as a mark of devotion, respect, and "possession of royal secrets" (Neyt, Luba. Aux sources du Zaïre, 1993, p. 166).
Towering above the composition, the standing figure is a literal part of the statuary. The quality of the carving reveals the remarkable talent of an artist who lived in the Lukuga region, within the Luba and Hemba country. The fullness of the volumes, and the shape of the coiffure (four horizontal braids atop vertical ones), and of the face are clear indications of the influence of southern Hemba workshops. See Neyt (ibid, p. 129) for the sole example of a very similar sceptre, now in the Quai Branly museum (inv No. 70.2002.15.1), attributed by the author to "a Lukuga workshop".
Finally, the representation of two duiker antelope horns (which contained the medicines of Luba healers) on the back of the central pallet are a very probable an allusion to the sceptre’s healing abilities, proceeding - in the same way as its metal elements and its oily patina - from supernatural qualities and healing powers that were conferred on sceptres by ritual specialists. The Luba clearly stated that "royalty is a woman" (Roberts-Nooters et Nooters, ibid, p. 54), and this sceptre - which was, in all likelihood, a royal possession - offers one of the most majestic interpretations of this assertion.