Tiffany Studios

"A New Distinction to an Old Art": Tiffany's Glass Mosaics

“‘All my life,’ said Mr. Tiffany, in answer to the reporter’s question, ‘I have had a fancy for collecting bits of glass. As a boy I was fond of the bright-colored jewels in my father’s shop, and the passion for color grew with age.’” With this love of glass fragments and the eye of a supreme colorist, it was only natural that Louis Tiffany would be drawn to the art of mosaics. Well before the founding of the Tiffany Glass Company in 1885, he incorporated mosaic details in several of his most important interior design commissions, including the Veterans’ Room in the Seventh Regiment Armory, the White House and Cornelius Vanderbilt’s mansion.

These early attempts were relatively unsophisticated, both aesthetically and in terms of craftsmanship. Tiffany, however, was drawn to the medium as a means of artistic expression as well as for financial reasons. The number of houses of worship being built in the United States in the latter part of the 19^th century was growing exponentially. Leaded glass windows, a field in which Tiffany and his firms would soon be dominant, were a natural decorative element for ecclesiastical purposes. Walls, particularly where natural light was unavailable, also needed to be enhanced and mosaics were the perfect choice.

Tiffany’s mosaics were used in a moderate number of buildings, but that aspect of his business was catapulted by two events in 1893. First, he established the Stourbridge Glass Company in Corona, Queens, which expanded his available palette to an almost infinite number of color combinations and textures. Perhaps of greater significance was the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company’s Chapel at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Mosaics, incorporating over 400,000 tesserae, were used extensively throughout the building and were seen by almost 2 million visitors in the first 3 months of the fair.

Tiffany mosaics quickly became world-renowned and continued to be a major decorative element for decades. In a time when building fires were a near-constant concern, the company brilliantly, and continually, marketed that these panels were impervious to fire, water and smoke damage and would withstand the ravages of time for centuries, just as the ancient Roman examples had. Also, as was the case with their leaded glass windows, the firm’s mosaics appealed to national pride. A reporter, in discussing Tiffany’s mosaics for the Marquette Building in Chicago, wrote: “Glass mosaics, such as the ones in question, are today nowhere else made with such art and beauty as in America.”

Almost as important as American jingoism and his marketing talents was Louis Tiffany’s ability to discover craftsmen with sufficient skill to translate the artists’ cartoons into an actual work. Importing Italian mosaicists, then the acknowledged masters of the art, would have been the easiest solution. But Tiffany decided on a radically different scheme. He believed the European workers, accustomed to creating mosaics by the “direct” method, in which mosaics were created in situ directly into cement, would not willingly accept his preference for the “indirect” approach, where the tesserae were assembled on an easel and cement was then poured over the glass. So:

"He decided that it would not do to import mosaic workers from Italy, as these would have their own traditions and ideas. He concluded that the persons who could do this work most successfully were the young women from the art schools in this city [New York]. He believed that they had their color sense more fully developed than any men he could get, that they were trained in form and the use of their hands."

These so-called “Tiffany Girls,” led by Clara Driscoll, superbly translated the artists’ designs with their unrivalled skill in glass selection, a task that required a remarkable degree of patience as well as talent. Most of their work was displayed in religious and commercial buildings, but they also included mosaics in a limited number of “fancy goods,” such as the lot 442. Commonly thought to be a trivet, these objects that first appear around 1899 were actually designed to serve as tea stands that would prevent a hot teapot from harming a wood table’s finish. This example is a brilliant reminder of the influence Japanese art had on Louis Tiffany’s aesthetics. The serene-looking koi, with a brick-red and cream-streaked brown body and iridescent gold head, fins and tail, seems to be swimming in a gentle spiraled current composed of gradated rectangular tesserae of green Damascene glass.

The studios also created a very limited number of panels for wealthy Americans who wanted to exhibit them on the walls of their mansions as unique works of art. The example offered here (lot 441) displays the finest elements of the company’s mosaic concepts. Probably designed by Louis Tiffany, it depicts two rainbow-colored sharp-beaked parrots in flight among a network of branches against a kaleidoscopic iridescent green-gold and sapphire background. The scene bears a striking resemblance to a larger mosaic door panel from the Triestman collection offered in these rooms on June 14, 2006 (lot 343). It is likely that this smaller panel either served as a maquette or a companion piece to that example.

Tiffany mosaics in any form are a rare commodity to be treasured. A contemporary critic, in reviewing a number of the firm’s mosaic panels in 1906, accurately proclaimed:

"The development of luster or iridescent glass has materially increased the range of mosaic opportunities, and permitted the landscape and naturalistic designs, the brilliancy of bird plumage and the effects impossible of full expression in a glass without this iridescent quality….Today, the artist, glassmaker and craftsmen work in unity, with one purpose, to produce the best, the most artistic results. They have succeeded, and their accomplishments in glass mosaics are, unquestionably, the best of all times, and they have given a new distinction to an old art."

- PD